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 The origins
of personal cleanliness date back to prehistoric times. Since water is
essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew
something about its cleansing properties - at least that it rinsed mud
off their hands.
 A soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the
excavation of ancient Babylon is evidence that soapmaking was known as
early as 2800 B.C. Inscriptions on the cylinders say that fats were
boiled with ashes, which is a method of making soap, but do not refer to
the purpose of the "soap." Such materials were later used as hair
styling aids. The Phoenicians show history of soap around 600
B.C. These early soaps were used for the cleaning of wool, cotton and
textiles prior to weaving and dieing though rather than for human
washing. The Roman historian Pliny gives an account of soaps being
produced form goat's tallow and wood ashes and mentions the use of salt
to create a hard soap. The city of Pompeii even has a full soap factory
which houses fully completed bars of soap.
Records show that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly. The Ebers
Papyrus, a medical document from about 1500 B.C., describes combining
animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form a soap-like
material used for treating skin diseases, as well as for washing
 At about the same time,
Moses gave the Israelites detailed laws governing personal cleanliness.
He also related cleanliness to health and religious purification.
Biblical accounts suggest that the Israelites knew that mixing ashes and
oil produced a kind of hair gel.
 The early Greeks bathed
for aesthetic reasons and apparently did not use soap. Instead, they
cleaned their bodies with blocks of clay, sand, pumice and ashes, then
anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off the oil and dirt with a
metal instrument known as a strigil. They also used oil with ashes.
Clothes were washed without soap in streams.
 Soap got its name,
according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals
were sacrificed. Rain washed a mixture of melted animal fat, or tallow,
and wood ashes down into the clay soil along the Tiber River. Women
found that this clay mixture made their wash cleaner with much less
effort.
The ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering a
substance called soap, made of goat tallow and ashes, that they used to
tint their hair red.
 As Roman civilization
advanced, so did bathing. The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied
with water from their aqueducts, was built about 312 B.C. The baths were
luxurious, and bathing became very popular. By the second century A.D.,
the Greek physician, Galen, recommended soap for both medicinal and
cleansing purposes.
After the fall of Rome in 467 A.D. and the resulting decline in
bathing habits, much of Europe felt the impact of filth upon public
health. This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living
conditions contributed heavily to the great plagues of the Middle Ages,
and especially to the Black Death of the 14th century. It wasn't until
the 17th century that cleanliness and bathing started to come back into
fashion in much of Europe. Still there were areas of the
medieval world where personal cleanliness remained important. Daily
bathing was a common custom in Japan during the Middle Ages. And in
Iceland, pools warmed with water from hot springs were popular gathering
places on Saturday evenings
By the 13th century, when the soap industry was introduced from Italy
into France, most soap was produced from the tallow of goats, with beech
ash furnishing the alkali. The industry in England grew rapidly and in
1622 was granted special privileges by King James I. In 1783 the Swedish
chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele accidentally simulated the reaction that
occurs in the present-day boiling process of soapmaking, which produces
a substance that he called Ölsüss, which is now known as glycerin. This
discovery by Scheele led the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul to
investigate the chemical nature of the fats and oils used in soap;
Chevreul eventually discovered, in 1823, that simple fats do not combine
with alkali to form soap but are first decomposed to form fatty acids
and glycerols. Meanwhile, the manufacture of soap was revolutionized in
1791 by the French chemist Nicolas Leblanc, who invented a process for
obtaining sodium carbonate, or soda, from ordinary salt. In the early
American colonies, soap was made from rendered animal fats and was
processed mainly in the household, but by 1700 many areas derived their
main income from the export of ashes and fats used in soapmaking.
Herbal bathing has been used throughout history along with many other additions and they
have always been associated with beneficial qualities. Cleopatra is well
known for her bathing in milks, herbs and flowers!
(Information is Courtesy of Soap and
Detergents)
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